> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.alphageo.ai/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.alphageo.ai/climate-resilience-suite/use-case-regulatory-disclosures.md).

# Use Case: Regulatory Disclosures

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## Overview

Climate data and reporting tools are becoming essential as disclosure requirements move into the mainstream worldwide. This article explains how AlphaGeo's climate risk, resilience, and financial impact analytics support regulatory compliance and voluntary disclosure across multiple jurisdictions and frameworks.

Most physical climate risk disclosure requirements ask the same core questions: Which assets are exposed? How resilient are they? What is the financial impact?

AlphaGeo's Climate Resilience Suite is built to answer all three, mapped below to each framework.

## Frameworks at a glance

The table below summarizes the key frameworks covered on this page and the AlphaGeo products that address each. Detailed requirement-by-requirement mappings follow.

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Framework</th><th valign="top">Jurisdiction / scope</th><th valign="top">Core physical risk requirement</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><a href="#international-sustainability-standards-board-issb-ifrs-s2-climate-disclosures">ISSB IFRS S2</a></td><td valign="top">Global baseline (adopted across UK, EU, APAC and other markets)</td><td valign="top">Identify climate risks, assess financial effects, and assess strategic resilience.</td><td valign="top">Climate Risk and Resilience Index; Financial Impact Analytics</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a href="#eu-taxonomy-regulation">EU Taxonomy</a></td><td valign="top">EU</td><td valign="top">Robust climate risk and vulnerability assessment plus adaptation solutions.</td><td valign="top">CRRI; Adaptation Layer</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a href="#eu-corporate-sustainability-reporting-directive-csrd-european-sustainability-reporting-standards-esrs">EU CSRD / ESRS</a></td><td valign="top">EU</td><td valign="top">Assets and revenue at material physical risk, adaptation actions, and financial effects.</td><td valign="top">CRRI; Financial Impact Analytics; Location Explorer</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a href="#eu-sustainable-finance-disclosure-regulation-sfdr">EU SFDR</a></td><td valign="top">EU financial market participants</td><td valign="top">Exposure of investments to physical climate hazards (principal adverse impacts).</td><td valign="top">CRRI; Financial Impact Analytics</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a href="#california-sb-261-climate-related-financial-risk-act">California SB 261</a></td><td valign="top">US (entities doing business in California)</td><td valign="top">TCFD-aligned climate-related financial risk report.</td><td valign="top">CRRI; Financial Impact Analytics</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a href="#gresb-real-estate-assessment">GRESB</a></td><td valign="top">Global real estate and infrastructure funds (voluntary benchmark)</td><td valign="top">Systematic identification and financial-impact assessment of physical climate risk; resilience targets.</td><td valign="top">CRRI; Financial Impact Analytics</td></tr></tbody></table>

## International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) IFRS S2 Climate Disclosures

IFRS S2 is the global baseline for climate-related disclosures, developed by the ISSB. It has absorbed the monitoring responsibilities of the TCFD and is being adopted or referenced by regulators across the UK, EU, Asia-Pacific, and other markets.

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Disclosure Requirement (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Identify the climate-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect the entity's prospects.</td><td valign="top">Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks, exposure and vulnerability of any location under multiple timescales and scenarios, including detailed data on the adaptation capacity of each location to offset the key physical climate risks.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Assess the current and anticipated effects of those climate-related risks and opportunities on the entity's financial position.</td><td valign="top">Our Financial Impact Analytics calculate the impact of climate risks on cashflow via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities). Our climate-adjusted discount multiplier can be integrated into NPV modelling and exit valuation forecasting.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Assess the climate resilience of the entity's strategy and its business model.</td><td valign="top"><p>Our CRRI provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks, exposure and vulnerability of any location under multiple timescales and scenarios, including detailed data on the adaptation capacity of each location to offset the key physical climate risks.</p><p></p><p>Our Adaptation Layer data measures the adaptation capacity of any location to climate hazards and suggests remediation measures to reduce vulnerability.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Measure the amount and percentage of assets or business activities vulnerable to climate-related physical risks.</td><td valign="top">Our Location Explorer platform can cluster locations according to their risk rating categories (high / med / low) as well as by asset value or percentage of a fund or portfolio.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Assess the amount and percentage of assets or business activities aligned with climate-related opportunities.</td><td valign="top"><p>Our Adaptation Layer data suggests remediation measures to reduce vulnerability.</p><p></p><p>Our Financial Impact Analytics identify key areas for investment to manage CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits and maintenance) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Calculate the amount of capital expenditure, financing or investment deployed towards climate-related risks and opportunities.</td><td valign="top">Our Financial Impact Analytics calculate the impact of climate risks on cashflow via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities). Our climate-adjusted discount multiplier can be integrated into NPV modelling and exit valuation forecasting.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Explain the quantitative and qualitative climate-related targets the entity has set.</td><td valign="top">Our CRRI scores are standardized globally and our software displays benchmarks for the global, national, provincial and city level, allowing for clear target setting.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)

{% hint style="info" %}
The TCFD was disbanded in 2023 and its disclosure-monitoring responsibilities transferred to the ISSB. The TCFD recommendations remain widely referenced — including by California SB 261 and the GRESB Resilience Module — so they are retained here for reference. For new reporting, the [ISSB IFRS S2](#international-sustainability-standards-board-issb-ifrs-s2-climate-disclosures) framework above is the current standard.
{% endhint %}

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Disclosure Requirements (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Describe climate-related risks and opportunities the organization has identified over the short, medium, and long-term.</td><td valign="top">Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index provides risk scores and adaptation opportunities under multiple scenarios and time periods from the present to 2100.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Describe the impact of climate-related risks and opportunities on the organization's businesses, strategy and financial planning.</td><td valign="top">Our Financial Impact Analytics calculate the impact of climate risks on cashflow via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities). Our climate-adjusted discount multiplier can be integrated into NPV modelling and exit valuation forecasting.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Describe the resilience of the organization's strategy, taking into consideration different climate-related scenarios, including a 2C or lower scenario.</td><td valign="top">Our Resilience-Adjusted Risk Scores and Adaptation Layer data measure any location's resilience to physical climate risk under multiple scenarios and provide suggested remediation measures to enhance organizational resilience.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Describe the targets used by the organization to manage climate-related risks and opportunities and performance against targets.</td><td valign="top">Our CRRI scores are standardized globally and our software displays benchmarks for the global, national, provincial and city level, allowing for clear target setting.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## EU Taxonomy Regulation

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Disclosure Requirement (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">The climate projections and assessment of impacts are based on best practice and available guidance … in line with the most recent IPCC reports, scientific peer-reviewed publications and open source or paying models.</td><td valign="top">AlphaGeo models are developed based on IPCC as well as scientific, peer-reviewed research as detailed in our public technical documentation.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">The physical climate risks that are material to the activity have been identified by performing a robust climate risk and vulnerability assessment.</td><td valign="top">Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks, exposure and vulnerability of any location under multiple timescales and scenarios, including detailed data on the adaptation capacity of each location to offset the key physical climate risks.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">The economic activity has implemented adaptation solutions that substantially reduce the most important physical climate risks that are material to that activity.</td><td valign="top">Our Adaptation Layer data measures the adaptation capacity of any location to climate hazards and suggests remediation measures to reduce vulnerability.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS)

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Disclosure Requirement (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Report assets at material / acute / chronic risk before considering climate change adaptation actions, as well as percentage of assets at risk.<br><br>Disclose locations of significant assets at material physical risk (disaggregated by NUTS codes).<br><br>Report revenue from business activities at material physical risk, as well as percentage.</td><td valign="top"><p>Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks, exposure and vulnerability of any location under multiple timescales and scenarios, including detailed data on the adaptation capacity of each location to offset the key physical climate risks.</p><p></p><p>Our Financial Impact Analytics calculate the impact of climate risks on cashflow via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities). Our climate-adjusted discount multiplier can be integrated into NPV modelling and exit valuation forecasting.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Disclose percentage of assets at material physical risk addressed by climate change adaptation actions.</td><td valign="top"><p>Our CRRI provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks, exposure and vulnerability of any location under multiple timescales and scenarios, including detailed data on the adaptation capacity of each location to offset the key physical climate risks.</p><p></p><p>Our Adaptation Layer data, part of CRRI, suggests remediation measures to reduce vulnerability.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Disclose whether and how anticipated financial effects for assets and business activities at material physical risk have been assessed.<br><br>Disclose magnitude of anticipated financial effects in terms of margin erosion for business activities at material physical risk.</td><td valign="top">Our Financial Impact Analytics calculate the impact of climate risks on cashflow via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities). Our climate-adjusted discount multiplier can be integrated into NPV modelling and exit valuation forecasting.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Conduct at least one high-emission scenario to be used in identification of business hazards.</td><td valign="top">We offer three IPCC aligned scenarios, including the high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5 / RCP 8.5).</td></tr></tbody></table>

## EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR)

SFDR requires financial market participants — including real estate and infrastructure fund managers — to disclose the principal adverse impacts (PAI) of their investments on sustainability factors. This includes exposure to physical climate hazards at the asset and portfolio level.

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Disclosure Requirement (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Assess and disclose the exposure of investments to physical climate hazards (acute and chronic) as part of principal adverse impact reporting.</td><td valign="top">Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index (CRRI) provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks, exposure and vulnerability of any location under multiple timescales and scenarios, covering acute and chronic physical climate hazards.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Identify the share of investments in assets exposed to material physical climate risk.</td><td valign="top">Our Portfolio Analytics tool can cluster locations according to their risk rating categories (high / med / low) as well as by asset value or percentage of a fund or portfolio.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Describe actions taken to address and reduce the adverse impacts identified.</td><td valign="top"><p>Our Adaptation Layer data measures the adaptation capacity of any location to climate hazards and suggests remediation measures to reduce vulnerability.</p><p></p><p>Our Financial Impact Analytics identify key areas for investment to manage CapEx and OpEx costs associated with climate risk.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

## California SB 261 (Climate-Related Financial Risk Act)

California's SB 261 requires entities doing business in California with annual revenues above 500 million USD to publish a biennial climate-related financial risk report aligned with the TCFD framework or an equivalent standard such as IFRS S2.

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Disclosure Requirement (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Disclose climate-related physical risks to the entity, consistent with the TCFD framework or an equivalent standard.</td><td valign="top">Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index provides risk scores and adaptation opportunities for any location under multiple scenarios and time periods, consistent with TCFD and IFRS S2 expectations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Describe the measures the entity has adopted to reduce and adapt to the climate-related financial risk disclosed.</td><td valign="top">Our Resilience-Adjusted Risk Scores and Adaptation Layer data measure resilience to physical climate risk and provide suggested remediation measures to reduce vulnerability.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Disclose the anticipated financial impact of material physical climate risks on the entity.</td><td valign="top">Our Financial Impact Analytics calculate the impact of climate risks on cashflow via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities). Our climate-adjusted discount multiplier can be integrated into NPV modelling and exit valuation forecasting.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## GRESB Assessment

The GRESB Assessment is the global standard for ESG benchmarking and reporting for listed property companies, private property funds, developers, and investors that invest directly in real estate. It aligns with international frameworks including TCFD, GRI, and PRI, and a parallel assessment exists for infrastructure. Several scored indicators address the systematic identification, assessment, and management of physical climate risk and resilience — areas where location-level data is directly required.

<table><thead><tr><th valign="top">Relevant Indicator Area (Abbreviated)</th><th valign="top">AlphaGeo Solution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Demonstrate a systematic process for identifying physical climate risks (acute and chronic) that could have a material financial impact, at the asset and entity level.</td><td valign="top">Our Climate Risk &#x26; Resilience Index provides a systematic, location-level assessment of acute and chronic physical climate risks for any asset or portfolio, under multiple timescales and scenarios.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Demonstrate a systematic process for assessing the material financial impact of physical climate risks on the business and financial planning of the entity.</td><td valign="top">Our Financial Impact Analytics quantify the financial impact of physical climate risks via CapEx costs (e.g. retrofits) and OpEx costs (e.g. insurance and utilities), including effects on insurability and operating costs in high-risk locations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Disclose the outcomes of asset-level risk assessments and how they are integrated into overall risk management.</td><td valign="top">Our Portfolio Analytics module can cluster assets by risk rating category (high / med / low) and by asset value or share of a fund or portfolio, producing entity-level outputs that support evidence requirements.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Set and report climate risk and resilience-related targets and goals, including reducing vulnerability to physical climate risk (broadly aligned with TCFD Metrics and Targets).</td><td valign="top"><p>Our Climate Risk and Resilience Index scores are standardized globally with benchmarks at the global, national, provincial and city level, supporting clear target setting.</p><p></p><p>Our Resilience-Adjusted Risk Scores and Adaptation Layer data track vulnerability reduction over time and suggest remediation measures.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>


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